Indian Ocean Rim Association for
Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)
E-mail: iorarchq@intnet.mu
Indian Ocean Rim Business Centre: jbc@bol.net.in
Office in South Africa:
The IOR-ARC has no Office in South Africa. The
Focal Points representing the three tiers of the
Association in South Africa are:
National Focal Point: Dr A Sooklal, Deputy Director
General, Branch Asia and the Middle East, Department
of Foreign Affairs, Private bag X152, Pretoria,
0001.
Academic Focal Point: Dr J Mare: Fax: +27 12 665
1842,E-mail. jhemare@worldonline.co.za
Business Focal Point: Mr James Lennox, South African
Chamber of Business, PO Box 213, Saxonworld 2132.
History and Present Status
The IOR-ARC was launched in Mauritius on 6-7 March
1997.
Members are Australia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia,
Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Oman, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania,
Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The
Seychelles announced its withdrawal from the Association
in July 2003.
China, Egypt, France, Japan, and the United Kingdom
are dialogue partners of the IOR-ARC. At present,
only the Indian Ocean Tourism Organisation (IOTO)
has observer status.
The Indian Ocean Rim defines a distinctive area
in international politics consisting of coastal
states bordering the Indian Ocean. It is a region
of much diversity, in culture, race, religion, economic
development, and strategic interests. The countries
vary in the size of their populations, economies,
trade, and technological development and in the
composition of their GDP. A number of sub-regions
are evident, for example Southern and Eastern Africa,
the Horn of Africa and the Red Sea, South Asia,
Southeast Asia, and Australasia. It also includes
a number of regional organisations, such as ASEAN,
GCC, SAARC, and SADEC.
For many centuries, the countries, economies and
peoples of the Indian Ocean have been bound together
in an informal cooperative economic community. Traders,
seamen, fishermen, and pilgrims traversed the Indian
Ocean and its numerous ports, enabling a vibrant
trading network to emerge.
After the Second World War, the decolonisation
process ended British hegemony in the Indian Ocean.
Superpower rivalry in the region escalated due to
the strategic importance of the area. The common
historical experience of European imperialism had
left a lasting impression on the leaders of states
in the Indian Ocean region - a sense of shared identity.
The rediscovery of the past littoral economic, social
and cultural community, of an ocean-centric regional
co-operative grouping serving as a bridgehead between
Africa, Asia, and Australasia, seemed only natural.
In 1995, during a visit to India, President Nelson
Mandela stated that " the natural urge of the
facts of history and geography
should broaden
itself to include the concept of an Indian Ocean
Rim for socio-economic co-operation and other peaceful
endeavours." "Recent changes in the international
system demand that the countries of the Indian Ocean
shall become a single platform."
The Indian Ocean is the worlds third largest
Ocean. It carries half of the worlds container
ships, one third of the bulk cargo traffic, two-thirds
of the worlds oil shipments. It is a lifeline
of international trade and economy. The region is
woven together by trade routes and commands control
of the major sea-lanes. The Indian Ocean Rim constitutes
between a quarter and a third of the worlds
population (close to two billion) which makes it
a massive market. It is rich in strategic and precious
minerals and metals and other natural resources,
valuable marine resources ranging from food fisheries
to raw material and energy for industries. It has
abundant agricultural wealth in terms of the variety
and mass of arable land and has significant human
resources and technological capabilities. Many countries
of the Rim are becoming globally competitive and
are developing new capacities, which can be jointly
harnessed through regional co-operation efforts.
On 29-31 March 1995, the Mauritius Government convened
a meeting to discuss the enhancement of economic
co-operation among countries of the Indian Ocean
Rim. Representatives from the governments, business
sectors and academia, from Australia, India, Kenya,
Mauritius, Oman, Singapore and South Africa, subsequently
referred to as the "core group states"
or M-7, attended the meeting. In a joint statement
issued at the end of the meeting, the participants
declared that they had agreed on "principles
of open regionalism and inclusivity of membership,
with the objectives of trade liberalisation and
promoting trade co-operation. Activities would focus
on trade facilitation, promotion and liberalisation,
investment promotion and economic co-operation."
A tripartite Working Group (government, academic
and private sector) met in Mauritius on 15 17
August of 1995. This meeting decided to create a
second track process as complimentary to an inter-governmental
movement. A later meeting during September 1996
in Mauritius finalised a Charter for the creation
of the IOR-ARC, and expanded the membership to include
Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Yemen, Tanzania,
Madagascar and Mozambique known as the M-14.
The IOR-ARC was formally launched at the first
Ministerial Meeting in Mauritius on 6 7 March
1997. This meeting adopted the IOR-ARC Charter,
and determined a number of administrative and procedural
matters.
The second biennial Council of Ministers Meeting
was held in Maputo, Mozambique in March 1999. This
meeting was critical for the future of the IOR-ARC,
and Ministers agreed to a realistic, outcomes focused
trade and investment agenda based on trade facilitation,
trade liberalisation, and economic and technical
co-operation. It was agreed to establish a Working
Group on Trade and Investment (WGTI). The Ministers
also decided to invite Bangladesh, Iran, Seychelles,
Thailand and the UAE to join the Association, and
to invite Egypt and Japan to participate as dialogue
partners.
An extraordinary meeting of the IOR-ARC Ministerial
Council took place in Muscat, Oman, in January 2000,
designed to formally welcome the new members and
dialogue partners in the IOR-ARC. This was also
the first time that the WGTI met. At this meeting,
the Ministers adopted a trade and investment plan
of action, which included agreement to compile compendia
on customs regimes, quarantine and food inspection
and investment regimes, to be completed before the
next Ministerial Meeting in Oman in April 2001.
The meeting also approved applications for dialogue
partner status from China and the UK.
The third Ministerial Meeting of the IOR-ARC was
held in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, on 7 and 8 April
2001. This Council of Ministers (COM) meeting was
immediately preceded by meetings of the Committee
of Senior Officials (CSO), the Indian Ocean Rim
Academic Group (IORAG), the Indian Ocean Rim Business
Forum (IORBF) and the Working Group on Trade and
Investment (WGTI). At this meeting France was admitted
as a dialogue partner. During its meeting, the COM
decided to endorse the recommendation of the CSO
to establish a High Level Task Force (HLTF) to study
the future direction of the Association, as well
as a number of issues that had been hampering the
Association in the achievement of its set goals.
The HLTF met on 22-23 October 2001 in Colombo,
Sri Lanka, and presented its first report to the
CSO meeting in Oman in May 2002. The High Level
Task Force Report was considered and commended for
approval to the COM. It was agreed that in order
to expedite Ministerial approval of the HLTF report,
an Extraordinary COM meeting could be held on the
margins of UNGA57 in New York in September 2002.
However, due to unforeseen circumstances, the New
York meeting was not able to approve the Report.
South Africa has been very active in the WGTI,
CSO and IORBF Dr Sooklal serving on both
the HLTF and the CSO. South Africa was also a friend
of the Rapporteur during the CSO meeting held on
7-8 May 2002 in Muscat, Oman. Together with India,
Australia, Kenya, Oman and the Secretariat, South
Africa drafted the Report of the CSO that was adopted
by all participating IOR member states.
The South African delegation included representatives
from the departments of Trade and Industry, Arts,
Culture, Science and Technology, the National Ports
Authority (NPA) and the South African Chamber of
Business (SACOB).
South African representatives participated in all
scheduled IOR meetings and committed themselves
to a number of IOR-ARC projects in the IOR Business
Forum.
The 2003 meetings of the various components of the
IOR-ARC were initially scheduled for March-April
in Colombo, Sri Lanka, but they had to be postponed
because of unexpected international developments.
New dates for the meetings will be set by the incoming
Chair, Sri Lanka, in consultation with Oman, the
current Chair.
PRINCIPLES OF THE IOR-ARC
The Charter declares that the IOR-ARC seeks to
build and expand understanding and mutually beneficial
co-operation through a consensus based, evolutionary
and non-intrusive approach. There are no laws and
binding contracts. Compliance with consensus based
decision remains without any rigid institutional
structure to specify any rules and regulations.
Co-operation is based on principles of sovereignty,
equality, territorial integrity, political independence,
and non-interference in internal affairs, peaceful
coexistence, and mutual benefit.
Membership is open to all sovereign states of the
Indian Ocean Rim willing to subscribe to the principles
and objectives of the Charter. The IOR-ARC is firmly
based on the principle of open regionalism, as encouraged
by the WTO.
Decisions on all matters and issues and at all levels,
will be taken on the basis of consensus.
The IOR-ARC explicitly excludes bilateral relations
and other issues likely to generate controversy
and be an impediment to regional co-operation.
Co-operation within the Association does not prejudice
the rights and obligations of the member states
within the framework of other economic and trade
co- operation arrangements and will not apply automatically
to member states of the Association. It does not
seek to be a substitute for, but to reinforce, be
complementary to and consistent with, the bilateral,
plurilateral and multilateral rights and obligations
of member states.
Within the framework of the Association, member
states will pursue measures to promote the achievement
of its objectives, and will not take any action
likely to prejudice its objectives and activities.
The work programmes of the Association will be undertaken
by member states on a voluntary basis.
IOR-ARC OBJECTIVES
The main focus of the IOR-ARC is on economic co-operation
and particularly on trade and investment. It is
primarily an outward looking forum for economic
dialogue and co-operation. The open regionalism
of the IOR-ARC has four components:
TRADE LIBERALISATION
Non-discriminatory basis towards members
A 2020 deadline to reduce tariffs to zero for all
member countries of the IOR-ARC
TRADE AND INVESTMENT FACILITATION
Sharing of information on trade finance, investment
regime, intellectual property, procurement procedures,
customs regulations, quarantine requirements, etc.
Harmonisation of standards.
ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION
Identifying specific areas for economic and technical
cooperation.
Building capacity for trade and investment cooperation
TRADE AND INVESTMENT DIALOGUE
Regular meetings of government officials, businessmen,
and academics from the member states.
According to the Charter, the objectives of the
Association are:
To promote the sustained growth and balanced development
of the region and of the Member States and to create
common ground for regional economic cooperation;
To focus on those areas of economic cooperation
which provide maximum opportunities to develop shared
interests and reap mutual benefits. Towards this
end, to formulate and implement projects for economic
cooperation relating to trade facilitation, promotion
and liberalisation; promotion of foreign investment,
scientific and technological exchanges, and tourism,
movement of natural persons and service providers
on a non-discriminatory basis; and development of
infrastructure and human resources, as laid down
in the Work Programmes of the Association:
To identify other areas of cooperation as may be
mutually agreed;
Towards promoting liberalisation, to remove impediments
to, and lower barriers towards, freer and enhanced
flow of goods, services investment and technology
within the region;
To explore all possibilities and avenues for trade
liberalisation with a view to augmenting and diversifying
trade flows among Member States;
To encourage close interaction of trade and industry,
academic institutions, scholars and peoples of the
Member States, without discrimination among Member
States and without prejudice to obligations under
other regional economic and trade cooperation arrangements;
To strengthen cooperation and dialogue among Member
States in international fora on global economic
issues, and, where desirable, to develop shared
strategies and take common positions in the international
fora on issues of mutual interest: and
To promote cooperation in development of human resources,
particularly through closer linkages among training
institutions, universities and other specialised
institutions of the Member States.
IOR-ARC STRUCTURE/INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS
The IOR-ARC combines officials, business and academics
as an integral part of its functioning in a unique
tripartite structure. It involves a co-ordinated
endeavour of Officials (CSO), Academics (IORAG),
and businesspeople (IORBF) of the member countries,
ensuring that officials alone will not be responsible
for its functioning.
The IORBF and the IORAG have both been actively
involved in the consideration, formulation and implementation
of the projects in the work programmes of the IOR-ARC,
as well as the conceptualisation of the Association
itself.
Council of Ministers (COM)
The highest authority of the Association rests
with the Council of (Foreign) Ministers (COM), which
meets once every two years (or more often as mutually
decided). The COM formulates policy, reviews progress
on co-operation, makes decisions on new areas of
co-operation and on the establishment of additional
mechanisms or matters of general interest.
Committee of Senior Officials (CSO)
The Committee of Senior Officials (CSO) is composed
of government officials of Member States. It meets
as often as mutually decided (but at least once
a year). It reviews the implementation of the decisions
taken by the COM, and, in co-operation with the
IORBF and the IORAG,
Establishes priorities of economic co-operation
Develops, monitors and co-ordinates work programmes
Mobilises resources for financing work programmes.
The CSO submits periodic reports to the COM, and
refers policy matters to the COM for its decision.
Indian Ocean Rim Business Forum (IORBF)
The IORBF may meet together with the COM and the
CSO, or as often as mutually decided. It interacts
with the CSO and the Secretariat in the consideration,
formulation, and implementation of the policy and
work programmes of the Association. The IORBF may
draw upon other non-governmental regional business
networks, as necessary.
The IORBF was seen as part of a unique structure,
created as an opportunity to build bridges and increase
networking between the three tiers within the region.
Indian Ocean Rim Academic Group (IORAG)
The IORAG may meet together with the COM and the
CSO, or as often as mutually decided. It interacts
with the CSO and the Secretariat in the consideration,
formulation, and implementation of the policy and
work programmes of the Association. The IORAG may
draw upon other non-governmental regional academic
networks, as necessary.
The IORAG was seen as part of a unique structure,
created as an opportunity to build bridges and increase
networking between the three tiers of government,
private sector and academia, within the region.
Financial constraints faced by Universities worldwide,
have hampered participation by academics in the
IORAG. This issue has featured at all the meetings
of the IORAG, and they have consistently called
on member states to facilitate the participation
by members of the academic group.
At the first meeting of the IORAG in March 1997
in Mauritius, the IORAG identified the following
projects:
Chair and Associate Fellows in Indian Ocean Studies
Investment Facilitation and Promotion (jointly with
the IORBF)
Trade Promotion Programme (jointly with IORBF)
Development, Upgrading and management of Seaports:
Maritime Transport Insurance and Re-insurance (jointly
with IORBF)
Human Resource Development Cooperation (jointly
with IORBF), and
Tourism promotion and Development.
At the second meeting in Mauritius in March 1998,
as well as at the third meeting of the IORAG in
Mozambique in March 1999, a number of new projects
were added to the list. At the fourth meeting of
the IORAG in Mozambique in July 2000, the meeting
identified a list of impediments, operational matters,
and suggestions for consideration by the COM.
The latest meeting of the IORAG took place in Oman
in April 2001, immediately preceding the COM meeting,
also in Oman. Since then, several academic projects
have been proposed by IOR-ARC members, including:
"Repair, Rehabilitation and Strengthening of
Coastal Reinforced Concrete Structures by Polymeric
Materials" (Iran) and "Creation of a Customs
Union for the North West of the Indian Ocean"
(Iran).
Working Group on Trade and Investment (WGTI)
At the second biennial COM meeting in Mozambique
in March 1999, the IOR-ARC Ministers agreed to a
realistic, outcomes focused, trade and investment
agenda. The basis for this agenda would be trade
facilitation, trade liberalisation, and economic
and technical cooperation.
In order to proceed with this agenda, the Ministers
adopted a resolution for the establishment of a
Working Group on Trade and Investment.
The Inaugural meeting of the WGTI took place in
Oman in January 2000. A second meeting of the WGTI
took place again in Oman in April 2001, immediately
prior to the COM meeting of April 2001.
IOR-ARC CO-ORDINATING SECRETARIAT
The IOR-ARC Charter determines that the Secretariat
of the association will coordinate, service and
monitor the implementation of policy decisions and
work programmes, as laid down.
The Secretariat is based in Mauritius. The current
Director of the Secretariat is Mr D Dusoruth.
Address: Soreze House, 14, Angus Road,
Vacoas, Republic of Mauritius.
Tel: (230)698 3979/ 0300/697 7046
Fax: (230) 697 5390
E-mail: iorarchq@intnet.mu
Web Site: iornet@intnet.org
IOR-ARC NATIONAL FOCAL POINTS
Each member state of the Association is obliged,
in accordance with the Charter, to set up a tripartite
National Focal Point for Indian Ocean Rim co-operation,
to co-ordinate and advance implementation of its
activities and achievement of its objectives.
IOR-ARC MEMBERSHIP
The IOR-ARC is an Indian Ocean Rim Regional Association.
All Sovereign States of the Indian Ocean Rim are
eligible for membership. To become members, States
must adhere to the principles and objectives enshrined
in the Charter. Member states can decide on the
expansion of membership of the association.
IOR-ARC OBSERVERS
Currently IOR-ARC Observer status is limited to
the Indian Ocean Tourism Organisation (IOTO).
IOR-ARC DIALOGUE PARTNERS
Currently China, Egypt, France, Japan and the UK
are official dialogue partners of the Association.
An application for dialogue status by Turkey was
deferred pending clarity on the issue of criteria
for the participation of dialogue partners, which
is but one of the issues that was referred to the
HLTF for its consideration.
IOR-ARC High Level Task Force
The COM, at its third meeting in Oman in April
2001, endorsed the recommendation of the CSO to
establish a High Level Task Force (HLTF) to study
the future direction of the Association, as well
as a number of issues that had been hampering the
Association in the execution of its set goals. The
mandate of the HLTF was the following:
The future direction of the IOR-ARC and the strategic
plan for the medium term.
The Organisational structure of the co-ordinating
Secretariat and rules and procedures for the appointment
of the Director and staff.
Funding of the co-ordinating Secretariat.
Other financial arrangements to support the organisation.
To examine the idea for the creation of a "special
fund" for the implementation of projects and
programmes of the IOR-ARC.
The modalities for interaction between the Member
States and the dialogue partners and observers.
The possibility of establishing additional criteria
for the granting of dialogue partnership status,
if required.
Modalities for greater interaction between the Working
Group on Trade and Investment (WGTI), the Indian
Ocean Rim Academic Group (IORAG) and the Indian
Ocean Rim Business Forum (IORBF).
Modalities for strengthening co-ordination between
the Council of Ministers, the Committee of Senior
Officials (CSO), the Co-ordinating Secretariat,
WGTI, IORAG, and IORBF.
Raising the international profile of the IOR-ARC.
List of on-going projects.
The HLTF met on 22-23 October 2001 in Colombo, Sri
Lanka, and presented its first report to the CSO
meeting in Oman in May 2002. The report was commended
for approval by the COM. It is hoped that the COM
will approve the Report during an Extraordinary
Meeting at the margins of the 58th Session of the
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA58) in September
2003.
SOUTH AFRICAS INVOLVEMENT IN THE IOR-ARC
Current Status (membership)
South Africa is a member of the core group of states,
also known as the M-7, involved in the establishment
of the IOR-ARC.
Other South African Departments and Co-operating
Organisations
Department of Trade and Industry
Department of Transport
Department of Science and Technology
CSIR
University of Pretoria, Dept. Human Resource Management
University of Durban Westville
National Ports Authority
Relevant Treaties/Protocols
The Charter of the IOR-ARC creates rights and obligations,
including financial, for South Africa. The Charter
is considered a treaty in terms of the Constitution
of the Republic of South Africa (Act no. 108 of
1996), and Parliament has ratified the Charter in
terms of Section 231 of the Constitution.
General Comments
In the past few years, many of the countries in
the IOR-ARC have made improvements in their economic
policies, though they may still differ widely with
respect to the policy instruments used and the magnitude
of reform. These changes include reductions in tariff
rates, removal of exchange controls, implementation
of market oriented economic policies, and removal
of price controls. These have provided an impetus
for intra-regional trade co-operation within the
region.
The Indian Ocean Rim contains a number of large
and expanding markets, including India and South
Africa, which are undergoing steady economic liberalisation
and growth. The evolving economic structures of
these Indian Ocean countries should drive much of
the future trade growth in the region.
There is a large degree of variation in the levels
of economic development among the member countries.
While Australia and Singapore rank among the high-income
category countries of the world, Malaysia, Mauritius,
Oman and South Africa are normally classified as
middle income countries. The IOR-ARC moreover encompasses
a number of low-income countries like Mozambique,
Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, and Yemen.
Trade statistics reinforce this view. Close on 77%
of average world exports and imports of the IOR-ARC
involve Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.
The other countries make up for the remaining percentage.
The IOR-ARC is based on the principles of open
regionalism, which is a flexible arrangement that
is more member-friendly than other neo-liberal regional
arrangements such as preferential trading arrangements,
free trade areas, customs unions, common markets,
etc. Decisions are made by consensus, and compliance
remains without any rigid institutional structure
to specify any rules and regulations.
During the past four years the Association has
been putting its house in order. It has been dealing
with internal issues such as formulating Rules of
procedure, an Instrument of Accession for new members,
a Headquarters Agreement with the Government of
Mauritius, formulating criteria for membership,
Dialogue Partner and Observer Status, establishing
a Co-ordinating Secretariat and determining its
yearly budget. The decision therefore by the COM
to appoint a High level Task Force seems most appropriate
and timely. The mandate of the HLTF was broad and
inclusive of most of the teething problems being
experienced by this youthful Regional Association.
South Africa was one of the founding members of
the IOR-ARC, and was a signatory to the Charter
in March 1997. This was during a time when regionalism
had become widespread, and South Africas alignment
with major trading economies of the South, outside
of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and
the SADC grouping, was an attractive option.
South Africa served on the High Level Task Force,
enabling government to make a direct input into
the process of re-organisation of the Association
at the coalface. In view of the importance for South
Africa of ensuring the success of the IOR-ARC, our
participation in the HLTF also entails a special
responsibility.